Saturday, August 31, 2019

Comm

|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Humanities | | |COM/100 | | |Introduction to Communication |Copyright  © 2012, 2010, 2008 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is an introduction to the field of communication with emphasis on the history of communication study, concepts important to all areas of communication, the contexts in which communication occurs, and the issues that must be faced by students of communication. The course serves as an introduction to the strands of communication: interpersonal, small groups and teams, mass communication, organizational, intercultural, and rhetoric.Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢ University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢ Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University poli cies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class.Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Beebe, S. A. , Beebe, S. J. , & Ivy, D. K. (2013). Communication: Principles for a lifetime (5th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. West, R. , & Turner, L. H. (2004). Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (2nd ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. West, R. , & Turner, L. H. 2010). Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (4th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Overview of Communication | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Identify historical developments in communications. | | | |Identify communication models. | | | | |Explain how communication affects self-concept. | | | |Reading |Re ad Ch. 1 of Introducing Communication Theory (2010). | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 2 of Communication: Principles of a Lifetime. | | |Reading |Read University of Phoenix Material: The Contexts and Theories of Communication document | | | | |located on the student website. | | | |Reading |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |Two posts on each |20 | | |of four different | | | | |days | | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |DQ #1 on Day 3, DQ|15 | | | |#2 and #3 on Day 5| | |Learning Team |Complete the Learning Team Charter. Day 7 |10 | |Learning Team Charter |Resource: Learning Team Toolkit | | | |Individual |Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Introduction to Communication Worksheet located |Day 7 |25 | |Introduction to Communication |on the student website. | | | |Worksheet | | | | Week Two: Verbal, Nonverbal, and Interpersonal Communication | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objective s | | | | | |Distinguish between verbal and nonverbal messages. | | | |Recognize types of interpersonal communication. | | | | |Identify conflict management stages. | | | | |Identify interview techniques. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 3 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 5 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 7 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 8 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read Appendix A in Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | |Reading |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |Two posts on |20 | | | |each of four | | | | |different days | | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. DQ #1 on Day 3,|15 | | | |DQ #2 and #3 on| | | | |Day 5 | | |Learning Team |Complete response of 250-300 w ords to the following: Describe the positive and negative |Day 4 |10 | |Learning Team Exercises |effects that a modern form of communications has had on business and personal communications. | | | | | | | | |Post in the Main forum. | | | |Individual |Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Nonverbal, Interpersonal, and Textual |Day 7 |25 | |Nonverbal, Interpersonal, and |Communication Worksheet located on the student website. | | |Textual Communication | | | | |Worksheet | | | | |Learning Team |Write a 500- to 750-word summary about the stages of conflict management. What steps will a |Day 7 |30 | |Conflict Resolution Paper |team take to resolve conflict? What are the consequences of exhibiting behavior that could | | | | |have a negative effect on the team? | | | | | | | | |Explain how you would handle the following situations: | | | | | | | | | |A team member who does not submit his or her portion of an assignment | | | | |A team member who does not meet deadlines | | | | |A team member who wants to control the completion of all assignments | | | | |A team member who submits work that is below team standards | | | | |A team member who does not cite sources | | | | |A team member who is not open to others’ ways of doing things | | | | |A personality conflict between two team members | | | | |Team members who post derogatory messages directed at others | | | | | | | | | |Describe the different interview skills and techniques you used to collect information on | | | | |conflict resolution methods from Learning Team members. | | | | | | | | |Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. | | | |Week Three: Small Group and Team Communications | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Identify elements of group dynamics. | | | | |Identify group development phases. | | | |Recognize characteristics of effective teams. | | | | |Identify problem-solving steps. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 9 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Readi ng |Read Ch. 10 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. Two posts on |20 | | | |each of four | | | | |different days | | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |DQ #1 on Day 3,|15 | | | |DQ #2 and #3 on| | | | |Day 5 | | |Learning Team |Complete response of 250-300 words to the following: Review Ch. 0 of Communication: |Day 4 |10 | |Learning Team Exercises |Principles for a Lifetime. Discuss any concept that a team member is having a difficult time | | | | |understanding and examine the importance and applicability of this week’s concepts to each | | | | |team member and to society in general. | | | | | | | | | |Post in the Main forum. | | |Learning Team Instructions |Take the Leadership and Group Dynamics Self-Assessment by clicking the link on the student | | | |Group Dynamics |website. | | | | | | | | | |Discuss your indiv idual results in the Learning Team forum. | | | |Individual |Recall a small team or group you have been a part of. |Day 7 |55 | |Small Team and Group Paper | | | | | |Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper about your experience. | | | | | | | | |Provide a brief description of the team or group. How many members did it include? What was | | | | |its purpose? | | | | | | | | | |Describe the behaviors the team or group exhibited as it went through each stage of | | | | |development. | | | | | | | | |Describe a problem the team or group encountered. What steps were taken to address and solve | | | | |the problem? Was the team or group able to generate a successful solution? Why or why not? | | | | | | | | | |Discuss the influence that leadership—or the lack of leadership—had on the team’s or group’s | | | | |ability to solve the problem. What style of leadership did the leader exhibit?What | | | | |problem-solving steps were taken to resolve the situation? What ste ps would have produced | | | | |better results? | | | | | | | | | |Explain whether the team or group was effective. Support your position by discussing goals, | | | | |roles, ground rules, norms, and characteristics your team or group displayed.How did these | | | | |characteristics affect the team’s or group’s ability to accomplish its purpose and solve the | | | | |problem it encountered? | | | | | | | | | |Analyze how communication contributed to cohesiveness. Identify and address how diversity or | | | | |technology affected the team or group members’ ability to communicate with one another to | | | | |reach a resolution. | | | | | | | | |Explain your thoughts on how goals, roles, ground rules, and norms help determine | | | | |effectiveness. How did these characteristics affect the team’s or group’s ability to | | | | |accomplish its purpose and solve the problem? | | | | | | | | | |Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. | | | Week Four: Mass Communication and Presentations | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Explain how mass communication influences society. | | | | |Identify presentation techniques. | | | | |Distinguish between informative and persuasive presentations. | | |Reading |Read Ch. 11 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 12 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 13 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 14 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. Two posts on |20 | | | |each of four | | | | |different days | | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |DQ #1 on Day 3,|15 | | | |DQ #2 and #3 on| | | | |Day 5 | | |Learning Team |Complete the following in 250-300 words: Consider the speeches you have heard and the |Day 4 |10 | |Learning Team Exerc ises |conferences you have attended in the past.Think about the speaker’s presentation style and | | | | |discuss among team members the following: | | | | | | | | | |Name of the speaker and the event at which he or she was speaking | | | | |Nonverbal communication and body language used | | | | |Voice reflections used | | | |Eye contact used | | | | |Verbal communication used | | | | | | | | | |For the formal/written part of the assignment, Identify five or more presentation best | | | | |practices. | | | | | | | | |Post in the Main forum. | | | |Nongraded Activities and |The best way to learn public speaking—other than actually doing it—is to observe other | | | |Preparation |speakers in action and analyze what factors contributed to the strengths or weaknesses of | | | |Speech Analysis |their presentations. | | | | | | | | |Watch Randy Pausch’s speech located on the student website. | | | | | | | | | |Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Indi vidual Speech Evaluation Form. | | | |Learning Team |Create a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation that traces the rise and fall of|Day 7 |40 | |America’s Smoke Screen |the tobacco industry’s advertising campaigns from the 1920s to the present. | | | |Presentation | | | | |Develop a presentation that outlines strategies the tobacco industry used to improve its | | | | |image and convince the public of its sincerity. | | | | | | | | | |Use an informative or persuasive approach to illustrate how the tobacco industry demonstrated| | | | |it is serious about its efforts to improve its image. | | | | | | | | |Cite at least two references from University Library for every team member. | | | | | | | | | |Format your references consistent with APA guidelines. | | | | | | | | | |Deliver your presentation and submit your presentation file or link. | | | | | | | | |For Local Campus students, these are oral presentations accompanied by Microsoft ® PowerPoint  ®| | | | |presentations. | | | | |For Online and Directed Study students, these are Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentations with | | | | |notes. | | | Week Five: Special Issues and Research Methods in Communication | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Explain how diversity affects communication. | | | | |Identify communication technologies. | | | | |Recognize the role of ethics in communication. | | | |Identify research methods used in communication. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 6 of Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 3 of Introducing Communication Theory (2010). | | | |Reading |Read â€Å"Methods of Inquiry† in Ch. 4 of Introducing Communication Theory (2004). | | | |Reading |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. Two posts on |20 | | | |each of four | | | | |different days | | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |DQ #1 on Day 3,|15 | | | |DQ #2 and #3 on| | | | |Day 5 | | |Learning Team |Complete the following: Select two cultures other than your own and compare those cultures to|Day 4 |10 | |Learning Team Exercises |your cultural background. | | | | | | | | |Consider the following: | | | | | | | | | |What are the differences in how men and women are viewed in each culture? | | | | |List two social customs of each culture. How do they differ from your culture? | | | | |Compare cultural values and how they differ from your culture. Refer to Ch. of | | | | |Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. | | | | | | | | | |Also complete the following as a team: | | | | | | | | | |Discuss any concept that a team member is having a difficult time understanding. | | | |Examine the importance and applicability of this week’s concepts to each team member and to | | | | |society in general. | | | | | | | | | |Post in the Main forum. | | | |Individual |Read the instructions in the University of Phoenix Material: New Business Product, and select|Day 7 |60 | |New Business Analysis |one option to complete the assignment.You can choose from the following options: | | | | | | | | | |Option 1: Product Market Analysis Paper | | | | |Option 2: New Advertising Campaign | | | |Learning Team |Resource: Communication Research Methods Activity located on the student website |Day 7 |40 | |Special Issues Presentation | | | | | |Prepare an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation on special issues in | | | | |communication.Discuss the following in your presentation as they relate to communication: | | | | | | | | | |Diversity | | | | |Ethics | | | | |Technology | | | | |Mass communication | | | | | | | | | |Include how these issues relate to each other. For instance, How do gender differences affect| | | | |communication?How does technology affect communication between different cultures? Does | | | | |diversity affect ethical decisions? How does technology affect ethical decision making? | | | | | | | | | |Identify the research approach typically used for each issue by filling out the University of| | | | |Phoenix Material: Communication Research Methods Matrix. | | | | | | | | |Include a summary of the matrix in your presentation. | | | | | | | | | |Deliver your presentation and submit your presentation file or link. | | | | | | | | | |For Local Campus students, these are oral presentations accompanied by Microsoft ® PowerPoint ®| | | | |presentations. | | | |For Online and Directed Study students, these are Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentations with | | | | |notes. | | | Copyright University of Phoenix ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft ®, Windows ®, and Windows NT ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these ma rks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ® editorial standards and practices.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Neuroanatomy Paper Essay

The limbic system is a diverse collection of cortical and subcortical regions that are crucial for normal human behavior (Martin, 2003). According to Martin (2003), nineteenth century neurologist and anatomist recognized that damage to particular parts of the human brain were associated with disorders of emotion and memory; these lesions , unlike those of the cerebellum, occipital lobe, or cortical regions around the central sulcus, for example, spared perception and movement. This research lead to the understanding that the neural systems of emotions, learning and memory, and their interconnections, are grouped into a single system, called the limbic system. Based on Martin (2003), brain structures for emotions, learning and memory have been conserved throughout much of the vertebrate evolution, reflecting the common and important need for these functions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The diverse functions of the limbic system include important roles in learning and memory and in emotions – and their behavioral and visceral consequences. According to Martin (2003), many of the structures have a C-shaped configuration; the limbic system has three C-shaped components: (1) the limbic association cortex, (2) the hippocampal formation and fornix, (3) and part of the amygdala (bed of stria terminalis) and the stria terminalis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hippocampal circuits are engaged in consolidating explicit memories, such as the conscious recollection of facts, and in forming spatial memories; the hippocampal formation works closely with adjoining entorrhinal cortex, so much so that the two are functionally inseparable (Martin, 2003). According to Martin (2003), these structures receive complex sensory and cognitive information from the limbic association cortex; damage to the hippocampal formation or entorrhinal cortex, depending on the extent, can result in severe and pervasive anterograde amnesia. As Martin stated, in this form of amnesia, impairments occur in semantic memory, such as knowledge of facts, people, and objects, including new word meaning, and the episodic memory of events that have a specific spatial and temporal context, such meeting a friend last week; and by contrast, patients with hippocampal damage are capable of remembering procedures and actions (i.e., implicit or non-declarative memory), and they retain the capacity for a variety of simple forms of learning and memory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The output neurons of the hippocampal formation are pyramidal neurons, similar to the neocortex covering most of the cerebral hemisphere, and they are located in the hippocampus and subiculum (Martin, 2003). Two output systems can be distinguished within the fornix, from the subiculum and the hippocampus; although these systems are involved in the cognitive aspects of learning and memory, it is not yet understood how their functions differ.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The innervations of the limbic system by the major neurotransmitter regulatory systems appear to be particularly important for normal thoughts, moods, and behaviors. This conclusion is based on the observation that many of the drugs used to treat psychiatric illness – the disorders of thought, such as schizophrenia, and of mood, such as depression and anxiety – selectively affect one of the neurotransmitters systems; this neurotransmitter system have direct and widespread connections with the limbic system (Martin, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pyramidal cells of the entorhinal cortex send their axons to the dentate gyrus to synapses on granule cells, which is the perforrant pathway. Based on Martin (2003), it is not known how the myriad connections of the entorhial cortex and hippocampal formation are organized to play a role in memory consolidation; however, an important clue exists: the strength of many synapses in the hippocampal formation can be modified under various experimental conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The amygdala has three major divisions, which collectively are involved in emotions and their behavioral expression: the basolateral nuclei, the central nuclei, and the corticomedal nuclei References Martin, J. H. (2003). Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.   

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Motivation and Leadership Effect on Job Performance Essay

Introduction Leadership and motivation traditionally play a very important role in the functioning of organizations. Nowadays, the role of leadership and motivation increases even more significantly because of the growing competition and the increasing significance of human resources for the progress of organizations. In fact, it should be pointed out that leadership and motivation are closely entangled concepts which constitute an important part of the success of an organization. It is obvious that the effective leadership and motivation can contribute to the progress of an organization, while poor leadership and the lack of motivation can weaken the normal functioning of an organization and lead to the crisis within an organization that will naturally affects its performance. In this respect, it is important to underline the fact that leadership and motivation affect considerably the organizational behavior and culture and they define the formation of the effective relationships between the personnel of an organization. In such a situation, it is necessary to fully reveal the significance of leadership and motivation in the current business environment in order to assess adequately perspective of the improvement of the effectiveness of leadership and motivation within an organization. At the same time, the analysis of theoretical framework only, it appears that insufficient for the understanding of the significance of leadership and motivation for the performance of an organization. Consequently, it is also necessary to pay a particular attention to the practical aspects of leadership and motivation  that means that it is necessary to analyze some practical examples that could reveal the significance of leadership and motivation for the performance of a n organization Review of Literature Motivation and Job Performance * The level of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). * Motivation is an inner drive or an external inducement to behave in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler, 1978). * Over-achieving, talented employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations try hard to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). * The quality of human resource management is a critical influence on the performance of the firm. Concern for strategic integration, commitment flexibility and quality, has called for attention for employee’s motivation and retention. Financial motivation has become the most concern in today’s organization, and tying to apply Maslow’s basic needs, non-financial aspect only comes in when financial motivation has failed. * According to Greenberg and Baron (2003, 2000) definition of motivation could be divided into three main parts. The first part looks at arousal that deals with the drive, or energy behind individual (s) action. People turn to be guided by their interest in making a good impression on others, doing interesting work and being successful in what they do. The second part referring to the choice people make and the direction their behavior takes. The last part deals with maintaining behavior clearly defining how long people have to persist at attempting to meet their goals. * Motivation can be intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic motivation concerns behavior influenced by obtaining external rewards (Hitt, Esser, & Marriott, 1992). Praise or positive feedback, money, and the absence of punishment are examples of extrinsic or external rewards (Deci, 1980). Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to do something simply for the pleasure of performing that particular activity (Hagedoorn and Van Yperen, 2003). Examples of intrinsic factors are interesting work, recognition, growth, and achievement. *  Several studies have found there to be a positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and job pe rformance as well as intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction (Linz, 2003). This is significant to firms in today’s highly competitive business environment in that intrinsically motivated employees will perform better and, therefore, be more productive, and also because satisfied employees will remain loyal to their organization and feel no pressure or need to move to a different firm. * Deci and Ryan (2000) conducted and replicated an experiment that showed the negative impact of monetary rewards on intrinsic motivation and performance. A group of college students were asked to work on an interesting puzzle. Some were paid and some were not paid for the work. The students that were not being paid worked longer on the puzzle and found it more interesting than the students being paid. When the study was brought into a workplace setting, employees felt that their behavior was being controlled in a dehumanizing and alienating manner by the rewards. It was discovered that rewards would seriously decrease an employee’s motivation to ever perform the task being rewarded, or one similar to it, any time in the future. Another observation of the study was that employees would expect a reward every time the task was to be completed if the reward was offered at one time. Employees would require the reward in order to perform the job and would probably expect the reward to increase in amount. If the rewards were not increased or if they were taken away they actually served as negative reinforcement. * Deci and Ryan (2001), in collaboration with two of their colleagues, conducted a study to examine the effects of performance-contingent rewards on an employee’s intrinsic motivation. * (Cameron, Deci, Koestner, and Ryan, 2001). These types of rewards are very controlling since these rewards are directly associated with an employee’s performance of some task. In that respect, performance-contingent rewards undermine intrinsic motivation; however, if the reward given to the employee conveys that the employee has performed on a truly outstanding level, the reward would serve to solidify that employee’s sense of competence and decrease the negative effect on that employee’s intrinsic motivation. Also significant in the study was the importance of the interpersonal atmosphere within which the performance-contingent rewards were distributed. * When Cameron et al. (2001) compared the administering of rewards in a controlling climate and in  a non-controlling climate, they discovered that the performance-contingent rewards given in the more controlling interpersonal climate undermined intrinsic motivation. To prevent the decrease in employees’ intrinsic motivation, the interpersonal climate when distributing performance-contingent rewards should be more supportive. * Vroom (1964) proposes that people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it he suggest that motivation leads to efforts and the efforts combined with employees ability together with environment factors which interplay’s resulting to performance. This performance interns lead to various outcomes, each of which has an associated value called Valence. * Adams (1965) on his part suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for high performance. According to him the outcome from job includes; pay recognition, promotion, social relationship and intrinsic reward. To get these rewards various inputs needs to be employed by the employees to the job as time, experience, efforts, education and loyalty.He suggests that, people tend to view their outcomes and inputs as a ratio and then compare these ratios with others and turn to become motivated if this ratio is high. Leadership Effectiveness and Job Performance Leadership, or more specifically effective leadership, is every bit as crucial (if not more so) in African Organizations as it is throughout the world. African organizations are no different from others Worldwide in terms of striving for performance in order to be globally competitive. The South African situation, however, is incredibly complex as many organizations are caught in the middle of a web of authoritarian hierarchies and traditional leadership approaches, as well as bureaucratic hierarchies mixed with modern approaches to leadership * (Grobler, Wà ¤rnich, Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2002). It is argued that effective leadership has a positive influence on the performance of organizations (Maritz, 1995; Bass, 1997; Charlton, 2000). Ultimately it is the performance of many Individuals that culminates in the performance of the organization, or in the achievement of organizational goals. Effective leadership is  instrumental in ensuring organizational performance. * (Cummings and Schwab, 1973; Hellriegel, Jackson, Slocum, Staude, Amos, Klopper, Louw and Oosthuizen, 2004). As a result, many leadership theories have been proposed in the last fifty years which are claimed to have influenced the overall effectiveness of the organizations where they have been employed. In the competitive world business environment it is vital that organisations employ leadership styles that enable organisations to survive in a dynamic environment. * (Maritz, 1995; Bass,1997) Performance has been defined by Hellriegel, Jackson and Slocum (1999) as the level of an individual’s work achievement after having exerted effort. * Cummings and Schwab (1973) and Whittenand Cameron (1998) believe that performance is ultimately an individual phenomenon with environmental variables influencing performance primarily through their effect on the individual determinants of performance – ability and motivation. * Behling and McFillen (1996) confirmed the link between high performance and leadership in the United States by developing a model of charismatic/transformational leadership where the leaders’ behaviour is said to give rise to inspiration, awe and empowerment in his subordinates, resulting in exceptionally high effort, exceptionally high commitment and willingness to take risks. It has been widely accepted that effective organizations require effective leadership, and organizational performance will suffer in direct proportion to the neglect of this (Maritz, 1995; Ristow, Amos and Staude, 1999).

THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE TELEGRAM IN THE UK Research Paper

THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE TELEGRAM IN THE UK - Research Paper Example To the Victorians, the telegraph was a symbol of man’s power over nature. The Telegraph became a special tool that enabled and enhanced commercial and imperial expansion. Morus (2000) observes that it was not by coincidence that the financial speculators became the first and most prolific users of the telegraph. Moruss observation reveals the economic significance of the Telegraph. The telegraph was also an important tool to the military that came to know of its potentials soon after its invention (Conboy & Steel, 2015). The Telegraph penetration was happening in the time of Crimean War in the mid-1950s. The telegraph enabled the military to get access to front-line events. In general, the introduction of the telegraph broke down the barriers of space and time. The telegraph provided the United Kingdom community with an intelligence-gathering capacity which translated into economic value. The adoption of the telegraph has been summarized well in the words of Morus (2000) who named it â€Å"The nervous system of Britain.† This study looks into the economic influence that the telegraph made in the United Kingdom. For the UK population, the telegraph held out boundless potentials. With the introduction of the telegraph, Britain was able to gain control of its colonies. Britain gained an upper hand over other colonizers when it came to controlling several colonies. A connection exists between the telegraph and the expansion and consolidation of British colonial power in the nineteenth century (Conboy & Steel, 2015). The Imperial system of the telegraph communication created efficient communications between the British government and its colonial possessions. Telegraph both shortened communication times between countries of the Empire and centralized control in Whitehall. The shortening of communication times reduced the autonomy of colonial administrators. Morus (2000) argues that the telegraph played a crucial role in imperial expansion. The colonialist Britain

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Financial Costs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Costs - Research Paper Example He aims at reducing the liabilities to the firm while being cautious not to paralyze the production level. Financial cost reduction plans have to place the input and output factors of at equilibrium in order to maximize efficiency. This paper discuses the significance of financial cost to a firm, various cost reduction methods and the aspect of financial restructuring. Significance of Financial costs Financial costs are the expenses that a company incurs in all its activities in commodity production and delivery. These are all the costs that the company pays for in all its activities. They include the cost of raw materials, processing in the production level, transportation, administration expenses like rent, loans payment, salaries tax payments and insurance payments among many other liabilities. Keeping clear accounting records on the financial costs is very important for any given company since the costs are used to determine the profit margins. This is done through a series of ac counting calculations that indicate the overall profit margins by subtracting the cost of the liabilities from the total production value (Codjia, 2012). Financial costs are also very important to a company because they can be referred to when determining the growth rate of a given company. This is done through a professional analysis of the relationship between the input cost and the subsequent output. A company may be investing huge amounts of capital and receiving low profits that influence a slow growth rate. Business analysts can help a business to rectify such an issue through financial restructuring plans. The plans aim at reducing the financial costs while increasing the profit margins. Such strategies strongly rely on the accounting records for the financial costs to pinpoint the loopholes in the company and the areas of insignificant competences that need to be eliminated (Codjia, 2012). During management accounting, the financial costs records are very important in drafti ng a cost effective strategy for a company. Most companies boost their capital with borrowings from banks and other financial agencies. These money borrowing agencies normally request for financial cost audits of the companies that seek loans from them in order to determine whether the companies are qualified for their loans. The relationship between management accounting and financial costs in a firm enable the analysts in the company to draw a feasible periodic business plan (Codjia, 2012). Financial costs are significant to a company in the process of budget making. Allocation of funds during the preparation of the annual budget of a company requires an analysis of the financial costs so that the right amounts are injected to the various processes in the company (Codjia, 2012). The financial costs also enable the planners to detect the deficits in the financial plan before they take loans. It gives an analysis of the total capital input. Financial costs also help in detecting the areas in the firm where the liabilities are accumulated. This may be helpful in the process of reducing production costs. The competitiveness of a company lies in its profitability level. Financial costs are used in the preparation of overall balance sheets and cash flow statements that are used to attract investors in companies. The investors compare the financial cos

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Food and beverage studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Food and beverage studies - Essay Example This part of the essay will discuss a complete meal experience, customer service, importance of embracing and relevant legislation for ASK restaurant based in Southend-on-Sea. Meal ExperienceThe restaurant is quite clean. Moreover, the staffs of the restaurants are friendly enough. The restaurant was visited by me on a weekend in last month. The restaurant does not have a lot of staffs comparing to another high street restaurant. The major objective of this investigation was to evaluate the meal experience including quality of foods and customer services. The restaurant is specialist in providing simple and traditional Italian foods. I tried all the three courses to measure the experience. The environment of the restaurant was calm and quiet on that particular day due to large space and limited number of staffs. First of all, all the staffs and executives welcomed me. They were very much warm and inviting. All the chefs and staffs were trying to provide effective service and follow u p the customers to meet the satisfaction level of the customers. After entering the restaurant, a staff guided me to take my seat. After one minute, a staff came to me and provided a glass of clean and mild drinking water. Slowly and gradually, he asked about the meal order. This gratitude pleased me as effective customer service can develop a potential customer base for a restaurant. However, I went for starter section. They have kept three separate menu cards for three courses. Various differentiated food items surprised me. I heard from my friend that, the preparation and taste of Bruschetta is quite awesome. It is traditional toasted Italian bread item with fresh basil, maintained tomato and Ricottas salata. The staff came back with my given order after five to seven minutes. The taste of the item justified my preference and expectation. After 2 minutes, the in-store manager came to me and asked about my opinion about Bruschetta. This service pleased me. After completion of my s tarter, the same staff asked about main course order. It is known to all that, Pasta is traditional Italian food. Moreover, the restaurant is specialist in providing different Pasta items. I gave an order of a Spaghetti Al Commodore. The ingredients of this item are fresh as garlic basil star enriched with tomato sauce, Santos tomatoes, covered with buffalo mozzarella and a slight drizzle of

Monday, August 26, 2019

Work shop activity .Words and Words formation Essay

Work shop activity .Words and Words formation - Essay Example For instance, some students find it tricky to retrieve single words especially nouns, adjectives, calendar dates, verbs and general numbers. For this reason, it is very difficult for them to respond comfortably to questions that require them to use facts in arguing their points out (Finch, 2000). This does not mean they lack information about the question but instead are not good at clearly distinguishing characters, places, numbers and other facts. In some cases commonly referred to as discourse retrieval contexts, students find it difficult to take part actively in discussions, which relate to some events or some experiences in life (Finegan et al, 1992). A lexeme is a language unit, which bears lexical meaning in that in whichever form they appear, they bear a common meaning. Lexeme derive its origin from language morphology because a lexeme word or phrase helps people understand a concept which links to that word even though they write and express it differently. Since a lexeme reduces a word, it makes it easy for people who have difficulties in word definition to get a basic meaning of such words. For instance, a word like water in simple terms is a noun. The same word can be a verb to mean the act of giving water to something for example plants. It makes it easy for a student to remember words and quickly fix them in their right context (Yule, 2010). Lexeme makes it easy for learners to understand and compare words. For instance, medical processing uses a series of scientific terms. Unless students are good at such terms, they cannot understand the medical products. The use of lexeme acts as a bridging factor since it reduces the differences of language representation (Schendi, 2003). Similarities that stem from perception have a hug role in learning especially during the early stages of language development in children because it enables them in grouping objects to a particular category thus supporting them in identifying the name

Sunday, August 25, 2019

College of Business Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

College of Business - Personal Statement Example As what the College of Business website admonishes its visitors to do - "explore our programs, our people and our ideas. Be part of a brilliant future" (University of Illinois). The wholistic approach towards business education which the University offers to its students will definitely help me achieve this. The school does not only prepare its students theoretically but it also gives opportunity to practical applications through its internship program as well as the faculty members who had ample experience in the field. This brand of education from the University will be my invincible weapon to survive the battle ground. Accordingly, in several occasions I have seen how a well-grounded education as well as deep appreciation of one's culture can help a person succeed not only personally and professionally but for the whole country as well. Summer of 2006, I had a chance to visit Japan. Even though I stayed there for just a short time, I was impressed with how passionate the Japanese people are over their continuing search for the latest skill such as electronic gadgets, animation, and fashion without taking for granted their own culture and respecting other people's culture. The Japanese continuously study and train to improve in their field. They even get their education and training from abroad after which they go back to their country to bring their learning back home. I humbly say that all these professionals form part of their human capital. Through the education of College of Business, I will be able to understand how the universal economy works and may be able to bring these gigantic influences to my home country, Korea. During a high school career fair, I met a woman who is a proud and successful graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign with accounting degree. Her success brought her to South Korea to work for Samsung, one of the biggest companies in my home country. She shared her thoughts about Korean culture and doing business in my country. Importantly, she explained to me how Korean culture reflects the trend of Korea economy in subtle form. This short conversation with her led me to assure that I need to go into College of Business to study accounting and comprehend the business world of Asia. The woman's talk inspired me to follow her footsteps. In both instances (Japan and the woman from Samsung), I realized the huge potential of the Asian market in the world economy. Being an Asian myself who is studying in a Western country, I wish to explore this market more deeply and contribute further to transform Asia into an equally competitive market to the global world. Furthermore, I personally realized that the money really does control the world (comment: I though you didn't want to emphasize money, I suggest we delete this sentence). Through studying the accounting thoroughly, I wish to be part of the business world with fullness of experience and achieve the development of not only my own country but also the wholeness of Asia. Thus, getting a good education from an established school like the University of

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Marketing Communications Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing Communications Plan - Case Study Example Once Zara have carefully analysed the internal and external business environment and critically examined the industry in general the most suitable marketing strategies will be selected and these strategies will be administered by effectively and continually monitoring external threats and opportunities and revising internal efficiency procedures. The market analysis investigates both the internal and external business environment. It is vital that Zara carefully monitor both the internal and external aspects regarding its business as both the internal and external environment and their respective influences will be decisive traits in relation to its success and survival in the industry. The internal business environment and its influence is that which is to some extent within the business's control. The main attributes in the internal environment include efficiency in the production process, through management skills and effective communication channels. To effectively control and monitor the internal business environment, Zara must conduct continual appraisals of the business's operations and readily act upon any factors, which cause inefficiencies in any phase of the production and consumer process (Tremblay and Martins-Filho, 2001). The External business environment and it... Changes in the external environment will create opportunities or threats in the market place Zara must be aware of. Fluctuations in the economy, changing customer attitudes and values, and demographic patterns heavily influence the success of Zara products in the market and the reception they receive from the consumers. SWOT Analysis: SWOT stands for Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats. SWOT analysis is a technique much used in much general management as well as marketing scenarios. SWOT consists of examining the current activities of the organisation- its Strengths and Weakness- and then using this and external research data to set out the Opportunities and Threats that exist. Strengths: Zara has been a complex part of UK culture since almost a decade. The product's image is loaded with over-romanticizing, and this is an image many people have taken deeply to heart. The Zara image is displayed on T-shirts, hats, and collectible memorabilia. This extremely recognizable branding is one of Zara's greatest strengths. Additionally, decreased expenditure on advertising is one of their greatest strengths. It allows them to conduct business on a global scale while at the same time maintain a local approach. Weaknesses: Weaknesses for any business need to be both minimised and monitored in order to effectively achieve productivity and efficiency in their business's activities, Zara is no exception. Although domestic business as well as many international markets are thriving but Zara has recently reported some declines in unit case volumes in different markets of the world. Opportunities: Brand recognition is the significant factor affecting Zara's competitive position. Zara's brand name is known well throughout the world today. The primary concern

Friday, August 23, 2019

Leadership Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership Philosophy - Research Paper Example The importance that has been given to this area of research is the importance of leadership on employees, performance and overall success of the organizations. There have been a lot of facts and myths associated with the concept of leadership. In the past, leadership was linked by people with the superhuman characteristics bestowed by God to various leaders. This idea was further developed by Weber and named as Charisma by him. The leadership charisma involved the qualities and special characteristics that leaders posses. The leaders having leadership charisma are Charismatics. The concept of Charisma actually directs towards the special power and influence of Charismatics over the followers (Rickards & Clark, p79). In addition to the concept of charisma in leadership, it has been a point of debate if leadership skills are inborn or they can be taught. Researchers have been struggling to find an appropriate answer to this. However, it is not unjust to say that the answer to this ques tion contains an equal portion of both statements. The answer to this question has been given attention for the reason that it may help organizations have effective leaders. Brainpower is the only thing that requires being in a person naturally. Knowledge can be gained, skills can be learnt but intelligence cannot be generated. A person needs to be intelligent and sharp in order to gain knowledge and utilize it. Leadership requires certain traits in a person. These traits include strength of mind, interest to resolve issues, ready to face challenges, power to proceed with plans, will to succeed, determination and passion (Levicki, 2008). Personal Values of my Leadership Leadership qualities, theories and concepts are valuable and useful when it comes to practical life. The leadership skills are not limited to benefit in businesses but are useful in leading all teams including the political, social, cultural and virtual ones. The leadership techniques, qualities and skills are of par amount importance in successfully handling the followers. Religious and political leaders may be taken as a helpful example of how influential leaders are. My personal experiences helped a lot in learning the concept of leadership in a better way. The theory and practice of leadership differ in some ways. However, the theory and literature on leadership helps in understanding and building a better and more influential personality to handle and motivate the followers. To make my opinion more clear and effective I would describe Managerial work and leadership. Since my personal life involves being a financial manager who directly reports to the president of the company I know quite about the concepts of leadership. The step by step development of my career and promotions helped me in understanding which traits are valued and which ones are not. Managerial work is closely linked to leadership. A leader is a person who carry out plans and knows what to do, whereas, a manager is a person who knows how to do things and how would they actually complete a particular task. For instance, a student who is making a plan to carry out a stage performance on some occasion and take the responsibility to select

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Theories of Learning Essay Example for Free

Theories of Learning Essay Fill in the following boxes by defining Elemental and Holistic Models of Development. Then you will describe 2 theories, including theorist (s) from each model of development. Finally you will list the important points derived from each model learning theory. Save this document and type directly onto the document and into the boxes. The boxes will expand to accommodate what you write. Submit as an attachment to the appropriate drop box. ModelDefinition of each Model Learning TheoryTheory and Theorist 1Theory and Theorist 2Important Points Derived (Be sure to number these theories and double space between them for easy reading). Elemental Model Learning TheoryRepresents the universe as a machine composed of discrete pieces operating in a spatio-temporal field: reactive and adaptive model of man. Connectionism Edward L. Thorndike Classical Conditioning Ivan PavlovConnectionism: 1.Law of readiness – circumstances where a learner tends to be satisfied or annoyed, to welcome or reject. 2.Law of exercise – strengthening of connects with practice 3.Law of effect – strengthening or weakening of a connection as a result of its consequences. Classical Conditioning: 1.Reinforcement – conditioned reflex becomes fixed by providing the conditioned stimulus and following it repeatedly with unconditioned stimulus and response at timed intervals. 2.Extinction – Occurs when the reinforcement is discontinued and the conditioned stimulus is presented alone. 3.Generalization – conditioned reflex evoked to one stimulus and can be enticed by another stimulus dis-similar to the first. 4.Differentiation – initial generalization is overcome by method of contrasts where one stimuli is reinforced and the other is not. Holistic Model learning TheoriesRepresents the world as a unitary interactive, developing organism: active and adaptive model of man. Functionalism John Dewey Purposive Behaviorism Edward TolmanFunctionalism: 1.The functionalist is tolerant but critical 2.The functionalist prefers continuities over discontinuities or typologies. 3.The functionalist is an experimentalist. 4.The functionalist is biased toward associationism and environmentalism. Purposive Behaviorism: 1.The law of proximity – parts of a stimulus pattern that are close together or near each other tend to be perceived in groups; therefore, the proximity of the parts in time and space affects the learners organization of the field. 2.Law of similarity and familiarity – objects similar in form, shape, color or size tend to be grouped in perception; familiarity with an object facilities the establishing of a figure-ground pattern. 3.Law of closure – learners try to achieve a satisfying endstate of equilibrium; incomplete shapes, missing parts, and gaps in information are filled in by the perceiver. 4.Law of continuation – organization in perception tends to occur in such a manner that a straight line appears to continue as a straight line, a part circle as a circle, and a three-sided square as a complete square.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Traditional Art vs Digital Art Essay Example for Free

Traditional Art vs Digital Art Essay Traditional art VS Digital art Fri, May 15, 2009 News Because we live in a century dominated by technology innovation, art itself has been offered new creative horizons. But these new advantages have not been considered so beneficial for the art by some conservative art lovers, who believe that if the art is not created using traditional tools (pen, oils, watercolor, etc. ) that art cannot be considered true art (true in the meaning of recognizing it’s real values). Even if the painting, the design or the sketch is created using   traditional tools, just a pencil and paper, or a drawing tablet, both reflect in the same way the artist’s creative effort and talent. ? What is really offending nowadays, due to this technology, is that many people pretend to have â€Å"become artists† just because he/she can easily combine some Photoshop brushes. The main question that stands is: how much of that person’s talent is reflected in that resulting piece of art? That depends very much on the person behind the technology. If the person who wants to create ART using the computer is an ARTIST, the resulting piece of digital stuff is ART, without the artist, drawing and manipulating programs can’t do a thing.? Sometimes it’ very hard to discern between the real artists and the ones who are just playing with the tools provided by digital programs. There are also some artists, who pretend their art is totally innovative, abstract or exceeds the limits of imagination by disposing mixtures of abstract elements and finally call it ART. The limits of deciding are actually fragile, because everything that is considered to be ART is decided to be valuable, innovative or absolutely worthless, by   subjective points of view, and a design that is considered to be total crap for one might look absolutely amazing in some others’ opinion. That’s true concerning all kinds of tastes. ?To that, many artists are still attached to those sensitive feelings that traditional art gives, that intimacy between yourself and the blank paper, that process of transforming the paper in front of your eyes, touching it, etting dirty or wrapping it when everything goes wrong. These are feelings that cannot be experienced in front of a monitor.? But although modern art is made of true and false artists, talented and crooks, innovative or copy cats, we cannot ignore the BENEFITS that digital technology has brought.? Digital art is also considered the art of the future, because it provides infinite opportunities for the artist to expand his imagination and show us the   crazy and amazing things he can do just by using a mouse, a drawing tablet and his skills. These things can be considered wrong and â€Å"evil† only by those artists who have been painting all their life in the traditional old style and cannot accept or cannot adapt to new techniques.? Digital art can be considered innovating also for the classical process approach:   programs like Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, After Effect, not to speak about the 3d ones, 3D Studio Max and Maya offers the artist many electronic brushes, pen tools, endless colors and combination, which make their life and the process of creation much easier and pleasant. Amazing   illustrations   and images that seemed impossible to create in the past, are possible with the help of new technologies. The progress that digital artist are achieving nowadays   in the fantasy/sci-fi field is mind blowing. Even though, there are also charcoal nudes or portraits who carry along profound aesthetic emotions for the viewer.? People may say that when an artist creates a   digital piece of art, that piece of art can be printed or sold in various forms in an infinite number of identical copies, and in the same time, that element which is so important for visual art lovers is lost: the uniqueness. But let’s keep in mind that copies of many famous traditional paintings have been manually created by the painters themselves, in order to satisfy as many collectors as possible.? Probably in the future, digital art will be considered traditional as well. But today, it’s the artists’ decision to choose the ways of expression f or their talent. http://blog. tshirt-factory. com/? p=678

The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari English Literature Essay

The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari English Literature Essay The monk who sold his Ferrari is a story about Julian Mantle, a high-profile attorney with an extreme schedule and a set of priorities that centre on wealth, power and reputation, which provides a tactic to living a simple life with greater balance, strength, courage and abundance of joy. This story by Robin S. Sharma is the tale of Julian Mantle, a lawyer brought head on with a spiritual calamity. The fable starts in a  glorious garden  with a  lighthouse  in the middle of the soil. Out of the lighthouse walks a  nine foot tall, nine hundred pound Sumo wrestler who is naked apart from a  pink wire cable  covering his private areas. He trips over and falls on a  stopwatch,  which had been lying on the floor, and loses consciousness. Nevertheless, the wrestler wakes up to the  fresh perfume of yellow roses  coming from a distance and when he looks over there, he discovers that there is a diamond-studded pathway there. He takes that pathway only to continue on in this magnificent life and to complete his journey of spiritual importance and search for inner peace. Julian Mantles spark of life begins to flicker and so he begins a life-changing journey and unearths the ancient ethnicity of India. During this journey he learns the value of time as the most important commodity and how to cherish relationships, develop joyful thoughts and live fully, one day at a time. Julian Mantle, being the exceptional lawyer he was, had achieved everything most people would like to have: professional triumph with a seven-figure income, a luxurious mansion in a neighbourhood occupied by celebrities, a private jet, a summer home on a tropical island and his cherished possession a flashy red Ferrari parked in the centre of his driveway. Suddenly he had to come terms with the unforeseen effects of his disturbed lifestyle. John, who is a friend as well as co-worker of Julian, narrates the story. He begins by describing Julians extravagant way of life, his over-the-top courtroom theatrics, which constantly made the front pages of newspapers and his late night trips to the citys most excellent restaurants. The turning point in Julian Mantles life came about when he collapsed in the courtroom all of a sudden. The doctors said that it was his obsession with work that had caused him the heart attack. The last few years Julian had worked day and night without caring about his mental and physical health. That helped him become a very rich and successful lawyer but took charge of his physical, as well as mental state. At the age of fifty-three he looked like he could be seventy and to top that, he had lost his sense of humour. At the hospital, he had refused to meet any of his colleagues and then on one fine day he quit the law firm and packed off without saying where he was headed. Three years passed without any news from Julian then one day he stopped by to surprise his friend and former colleague John, who was now a pessimistic older lawyer. However Julian, in the past three years, had been astonishingly altered into a healthy man with physical exuberance and spiritual vigor. His heart attack shook him into realization mode and Julian Mantle decided to sell all his property and left for India. The author talks about Julians odyssey, how he met the sages of Sivana who had an enormous effect on him. Julian Mantle discloses his story of transformation and his secrets of a happy and rewarding life with his friend John. Julian portrays to him Sivana a small place located in the Himalayas, the land of rose-covered huts, composed blue waters with white lotuses floating on the surface, adolescence and liveliness, stunning glowing faces, fresh and exotic fruits. He tells John about the sages of Sivana who knew all the secrets of how to live life happily and how to accomplish ones dreams and attain ones destiny. Julian narrates his experiences with Yogi Raman, the leader of the sages of Sivana, as he was the person who taught Julian the secret of leading a happy life. He narrates to John the fable that contained the seven virtues for a life abundant with inner peace, joy and prosperity of spiritual gifts. Mantle reveals the seven virtues of enlightened learning. Them being 1) master your mind, 2) follow your purpose, 3) practice kaizen, 4) live with discipline, 5) respect your time, 6) selflessly serve others and 7) embrace the present. He tells John the methods that he learned from Yogi Raman on how to tackle our minds with simple techniques like the heart of rose technique and the secret of lake technique. He tells John how to develop the mind and how to use obstacles for expanding knowledge ones self. He talks about establishing and pursuing our own principle and teaches John the ancient art of self-leadership with practices such as do the things you fear and the five step method for attaining goals. He expands about the importance of self-discipline and respect for time. He describes techniques such as the ancient rule of twenty and the vow of silence. He teaches John, as well as the reader, on how to focus on the priorities and thus maintain stability and simplify life. He gives examples that prove that determination is the essential virtue of a fully actualized life. Julian teaches John the virtue of self-sacrifice in serving others. He asks John to embrace the present and live in the present. He tells him not to sacrifice happiness for accomplishment and to relish the journey of life and live as though each day was his last. Towards the end of the book Julian asks John to spread these secrets for the benefit of other people. Embracing John like the brother he never had, Julian departs. The message is a bit too clichà ©d and the lectures too finicky for the reader who is more or less familiar with the values and insights gathered by Julian Mantle from the sages of Sivana. Each of the things Julian Mantle came across on his spiritual journey signifies something important. 1) The magnificent garden represents ones mind It is important to cultivate ones mind on a daily basis. Letting only positive thoughts into the mind is essential. Negativity should be considered a sin. 2) The lighthouse signifies our principles in life. A persons life is restricted and so it is vital to concentrate on ones lifes main aims. Laugh, love and live everyday fervently. As Julian had learnt at from the Great Sages, every day should be treated as ones last one. 3) The sumo wrestler symbolizes self-development This involves building strength of character, developing mental toughness and facing problems bravely. The word Kaizen  means the never-ending and daily development of ones self. It signifies crossing the limits in order to develop mind, body and spirit in spite of fear, danger and anxiety. 4) The pink wire cable signifies control A wire cable consists of many strings that have been woven together. The strings, by themselves, are feeble and yet, together when they form the cable it is strong. Determination and discipline are like the strings that need to be woven together to make the mind and body strong. Discipline and self-control are the acts of controlling the mind and this can be done by replacing weak and negative thoughts with strong and positive ones. 5) The stopwatch represents time: Time is the most important service of ones life and it is essential to learn how to make the most use of the time given. Time is fixed and everyone must be able to live life to its complete potential. It is said that time mastery  is the foundation of  life mastery. 6) The fragrance of the fresh yellow roses denotes service 7) The diamond-studded pathway represents enlightened living Live an enlightened, blissful and rewarding life. Live and believe in the now factor. As Julian Mantle had learnt, live in the present and think that every day is the last one. In brief, The monk who sold his Ferrari written by Robin S. Sharma should be regarded as one of his best written books as it looks into the deeper aspects of life; those aspects being the reasons as to why each person is themselves.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Achieving Peace Through Militarism Essay -- Militarism

(the works cited are missing form this paper) The modern state’s approach to peace is primarily a justification for militarism and warfare. Examples of this include the proliferation of nuclear capabilities, the â€Å"war on terror,† and what time, money, and forces are dedicated to military action compared to peacekeeping missions through the U.N. The issue of nuclear warfare is a good example of militarism justified by supposed need for defense and security. Donald Davidson’s book explains that â€Å"the only conditions that justify killing are those necessary for the protection of human life, that is, defense of self and others (Davidson,1983).† However, a Quaker leader stated in 1982 that â€Å"the just-war theory is out of date. It makes nonsense when one is talking about nuclear weapons and nuclear war (Davidson, 1983).† He’s saying that when it comes to nuclear warfare, the Just War Doctrine becomes more or less useless and impossible to follow. When the Soviet Union and the U.S. were engaged in the Cold War, they built up their nuclear capabilities in an arms race claimed to be for safety and defense reasons. However, as these superpowers and their allies created their tens of thousands of nuclear weapons and stocked their arsenals, they continued to put the future of the human race in a more delicate and unstable position (Regehr, 1980). They developed more and more weapons including chemical, biological, and nuclear bombs, which led to counterforce weapons to fight against their military forces, which led to first strike weapons, which led to cruise missiles, leading up to the point where what they had set up seemed mad (Klare, 1978). In fact, their weaponry build up led to a term called Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), a form o... ... with the most power, influence, and military spending in the world. So if one of them does not want the U.N. to get involved in a situation, then they have the power to veto any decisions (Goldstein, 2008), making it more difficult for peace to be implemented in areas of their involvement. Even though modern states claim to strive for peace, there are many examples when their actions do not agree with that goal, instead focusing on militarism and warfare. This is shown through the creation and build up of nuclear weapons, the U.S.A.’s â€Å"war on terror,† and the world’s involvement and noninvolvement in the U.N.’s peacekeeping efforts. Hopefully the world will come to its senses one day and realize that their militaristic and destructive ways will not create a better world for anyone and will put turn their efforts and finances toward real peace and development plans.

Monday, August 19, 2019

George Eliot, Pseudonym of Marian Evans :: George Eliot Writers Authors Essays

George Eliot, Pseudonym of Marian Evans George Eliot, pseudonym of Marian Evans (1819-1880) This article appeared in The Times Literary Supplement and was reprinted in The Common Reader: First Series. Virginia Woolf also wrote on George Eliot in the Daily Herald of 9 To read George Eliot attentively is to become aware how little one knows about her. It is also to become aware of the credulity, not very creditable to one’s insight, with which, half consciously and partly maliciously, one had accepted the late Victorian version of a deluded woman who held phantom sway over subjects even more deluded than herself. At what moment and by what means her spell was broken it is difficult to ascertain. Some people attribute it to the publication of her Life. Perhaps George Meredith, with his phrase about the ‘mercurial little showman’ and the ‘errant woman’ on the daà ¯s, gave point and poison to the arrows of thousands incapable of aiming them so accurately, but delighted to let fly. She became one of the butts for youth to laugh at, the convenient symbol of a group of serious people who were all guilty of the same idolatry and could be dismissed with the same scorn. Lord Acton had said that she was greater than Dante; Herbert Spencer exempted her novels, as if they were not novels, when he banned all fiction from the London Library. She was the pride and paragon of her sex. Moreover, her private record was not more alluring than her public. Asked to describe an afternoon at the Priory, the story-teller always imitated that the memory of those serious Sunday afternoons had come to tickle his sense of humour. He had been so much alarmed by the grave lady in her low chair; he had been so anxious to say the intelligent thing. Certainly, the talk had been very serious, as a note in the fine clear hand of the great novelist bore witness. It was dated Monday morning, and she accused herself of having spoken without due forethought of Marivaux when she meant another; but not doubt, she said, her listener had already supplied the correction. Still, the memory of talking about Marivaux to George Eliot on a Sunday afternoon was not a romantic memory. It had faded with the passage of the years. It had not become picturesque. Indeed, one cannot escape the conviction that the long, heavy face with its expression of serious and sullen and almost equine power has stamped itself depressingly upon the minds of people who remember George Eliot, so that it looks out upon them from her pages.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Post-Modern Victorian: A. S. Byatts Possession Essay examples -- essay

Post-Modern Victorian: A. S. Byatt's Possession If I had read A. S. Byatt's novel Possession without having had British Literature, a lot of the novel's meaning, analogies, and literary mystery would have been lost to me. The entire book seems one big reference back to something we've learned or read this May term. The first few lines of chapter one are poetry attributed to Randolph Henry Ash, which Byatt wrote herself. Already in those few lines I hear echoes of class, lines written in flowery Pre-Raphaelite tradition. "The serpent at its root, the fruit of gold /†¦At the old world's rim, /In the Hesperidean grove, the fruit /Glowed golden on eternal boughs, and there /The dragon Ladon crisped his jewelled (sic) crest†¦." Because of class, I was able to pick up on this poetry tradition right away. This story within a story is strengthened by Byatt's ability to write Victorians accurately. Until I read some of the reviews, I thought Byatt's Victorian characters were actual historical literary figures, when actu ally they are fictitious, and their journals, letters, and poetry are written by Byatt. The action of the book takes place in two periods. The two main characters, Roland and Maud, are literary scholars living in the 1980's. Their love story is shared and played out by the diaries, poetry, and correspondence of two poets and lovers from the 1860's-Randolph Henry Ash and Christabel LaMotte. Although the book is modern fiction, much of it is a Victorian novel as well. Possession is characteristic of Byatt's love for intertextuality and imbedded texts. Possession is also an example of several literary genres, all written into one book. At various times it gives evidence of poetry, mythology, a romance novel, a detective story, a fairy tale, journals and diaries, and scholarly writings. There are several themes in Possession that tie this book to earlier texts that we have read. Individual versus group identity, feminism, sexuality and the link between present and past are themes that Byatt deals with in her novel. Interestingly, Byatt expresses many of these themes using symbolic color imagery, a technique that makes her writing reminiscent of Pre-Raphaelite style. According to Byatt, the "struggle of the individual to discover and then live out her... ...hanged, and romance from one time to another is not so different as we thought. The characters mix the old and the new; Maud wears a brooch once belonging to Christabel, and another Ash scholar, Mortimer Cropper, carries Ash's pocket watch. In the end of the novel, the last love letter written by Christabel enables Maud to finally enjoy the value of love in the present, and give her trust to Roland. The cyclical time frame of the novel provides an interesting contrast to the normal, stifling, linear time frame of typical literature and everyday life. The way Byatt expresses many of these themes through her symbolic use of color is significant. Byatt paints with words, making her reminiscent of the Pre-Raphaelites. She gives color descriptions for her characters, painting the women such as LaMotte and Christabel in gold and green description, while persons whose characters are flat and never well-developed, such as Paola the secretary, are described in colorless terms. Paola has "long, colourless hair bound in a rubber band" huge mothlike glasses, and "dusty grey pads" for fingertips. Her lack of color sets her off from the beginning as a very flat character.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

What or who changed my life

Becoming a 16 year old mother changed my life Becoming a 16 year mother changed my life In more ways than one. I was totally blown away knowing that would have to devote my time, love, energy, smile, and money to another human being. Motherhood at such a young age was not a box of chocolate. In fact, it is a continuous fun, exciting, and overwhelming learning experience. Nevertheless, being a full-time mother, student. And wage-earner assisted in the astonishing mother I am today.It was a normal sunny fall school morning in September of 1993, when I first deiced for the second month in a row I hadn't had my menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycles in my world were unpleasant, heavy, unbearable, and caused me to blackout. Noticing another month without my cycle certainly raised a red flag. However, I continued on about my school day. In the blink of an eye the month of October was here. At this point I am feeling alarmed and fearful. After a few weeks pass by, I start to feel very Ill.I bega n to feel activity Inside my stomach. In this case, feeling punch kicks, rolls, and wiggles were very uncomfortable. My first thought was I have got to e pregnant! The following morning, while getting ready for school I began to vomit all over myself. As I jumped up I experienced an episode of syncope. As I recovered from this distasteful experience, I cleaned myself up and headed to school. So for the next four months, I felt terrified to tell my parents, siblings, and even my closest peers what I've been experiencing.Pregnant at 16 year's old was not a dream of mind, but a high school junior with determinations, super athletic skills, and potentials. I played softball, volleyball, track-star, and captain of the cheer-squad. With all my happenings, I hardly had time to gain weight. I mastered being pregnant, while continuing my education without anyone noticing. Until one Friday evening in February of 1994. I was getting ready for a movie date when my 12 year old twin brother spoil ed my evening. Chad Christopher comment was mommy Shanty' has a big stomach Like those women In church!My mother stepped In my room and elect to pop the question. Shanty' are you pregnant? I was truly petrified. In response I quickly shouted mol I proceeded with my date night. After I'd returned home, my mother pop the question again. Shanty' are you pregnant? The look in her eye was appalling. I stared in silence. Her words to me were what's done in the dark will come to light. At this point I advised her that it may be a possibility. So within the week she made an appointment to see the family Physician. It turns out I was 7 h months pregnant.After receiving the distraught news of my life, I fell to my knees and started to cry uncontrollably knowing that this human being would be here in less than three months. I was not ready to be a 16 year old mother. I had plans to attend Nicholls State, majoring In Pediatrics' after graduation. With no time to spare I had to prepare for a dra stic life changing encounter. For the next, two and a half months I felt relieved, excited, blue, and disappointed all at the same time. My mother suggested that I seek employment.I continued to go to school every day, do my house chores May 9, 1994. I was awakened by severe stomach cramps. I yelled to my mother in anguish. I advised her that I was in a lot of pain. She rushed into my room to assist me out of bed and we headed to the hospital. University hospital was our first stop. Nurse Sonny assigned me to a private room to monitor my contractions. I was there approximately three and a half hours before being released even though I was in excruciating pain. I was only dilating two centimeters for the past three hours.Nurse Betty advised me that in order for me to be hospitalized I would need to be at least three centimeters. The next four hours were the most uncomfortable and dreadful situation a teenage girl could experience. Around 7 a. M. I noticed blood in my panties. We hopp ed in the car and headed to the nearest hospital, despite being pulled over by N. O. P. D. For speeding. We yelled, there's a baby on the way! Upon arriving to Charity Hospital on May 9, 1994 within minutes Share L. Was born at 7:AAA. M. To Williams and Blancher. The moment I laid eyes on my baby girl was absolutely amazing.I didn't know how to feel nor react to what had Just occurred. I knew right then that this experience would make me see the world in a different light. I realized that I am someone's mother. Becoming a teenage mother changed my whole look on life. After our release from the hospital we were ready to conquer the world. On my way home all I could do was contemplate on all of the responsibilities that comes with being a mother. One of my life changing experiences as a 16 year old mother was learning how to love, nurture, care and provide for a human whom I'd carried for nine months.In the midst of all my new and exciting challenges, school was still in session. Just for a few more weeks. My five teachers were gracious enough to combine my lessons and allow me to finish out the school year. Without a doubt my education was very important to me. As the next few weeks crept by, I was slowly getting use to anytime feedings, diaper changes, playful moments, and continuing my education. Thoughts and emotions about how baby Ronnie will impact my life forever loud seem to cross my mind quite frequently.I would regularly stare at her and think to myself no more partying, selfishness, sleeping in, and playing cards were a part of my life style. But how wonderful, ambitious, eager, and a powerful role model of a mother I plan to become. Regardless, of what life threw my way. I believe becoming a mother was only the beginning of many accomplishments. Vive experienced many difficult days as a young mother. Such as, late work hours, keeping up with school lessons, exhaustion, being Judged by peers, and unable to be an average teenager. Spending my money on diaper's, formula, and clothing was a game changing experience.I wore several different hats at an early age. For example, a superdome, mentor, chef, teacher, nurse, bodyguard, and chauffeur. Knowing that my pride and Joy would be admiring me, kept me motivated and enthused to finish high school and go on to higher learning. Sharron is a 20 year old ambitious, loving, childless, young lady trying to pursue her nursing dream. As a 16 year old mother there were many obstacles and barriers to overcome. The constant encouragement from my daughter and parents abetted me in becoming the woman and mother I am today.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Resident Concerns Over Hazardous Waste Incinerator Environmental Sciences Essay

XYZ Company ( XYZ ) has proposed constructing a risky waste incineration works in the rural town of ABC, California. The dwellers of ABC are concerned about the possible wellness and environmental effects of holding XYZ in their community. The community members are concerned about noise, pollution, and environmental effects the new works will hold on their wellness. I am an Environmental Health Expert, and the local Health Officer has asked my sentiment on the proposed works as it pertains to zoning, province licenses, and nuisances to the community. Concerns Sing the Undertaking Zoning – is the procedure of land development within municipalities. It is a map of the metropolis authorities, and it dictates how available metropolis land is used. If the land is situated within the metropolis bounds so the land would hold to be zoned for commercial usage every bit good as risky wastes storage and devastation. If the proposed risky waste incinerator is on county or federal land there if nil the dwellers of the metropolis can make to halt the building based on districting Torahs ( Miniclier, 1991 ) , ( Smiley, 1989 ) . The metropolis would non hold legal power over county or federal land. Many times counties do non hold districting regulations that would forbid the edifice of an incineration works. Concerns – I would oppugn as to when the current districting Torahs became effectual, and are they adequate for the proposed undertaking. I would desire to guarantee that districting Torahs mitigated any jobs associated with extra commercial vehicles coming into the country. They would besides hold to turn to the storage and devastation of risky stuffs. This is a comparatively new scientific discipline, and the zoning Torahs that govern the current solid waste works are at least 20 old ages old. The districting Torahs that apply to the solid waste incinerator may non back up the development of a risky waste works. A reappraisal of the Torahs should be executed to find if the new works could lawfully be situated on the proposed site. Permits – There are a overplus of licenses that this undertaking would necessitate. First, and first, risky waste installations must run into the guidelines established by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , in 40 C.F.R, Part 264, with supplemented EPA proficient and permit counsel ( Environment Technology Council ) . The province has many of its ain ordinances sing risky waste installations as good. There are building, technology, and land development permits that must be obtained before building can get down. Inspectors from both federal and province authoritiess oversee each measure of the building procedure. After building is completed so a proving stage will get down with a conditional license. The EPA ensures the consequences from each test burn are within acceptable parametric quantities. If all the needed criterions are met a lasting license will be issued. Although the concluding license is considered lasting, the license can be pulled if the works fails to keep safety criterions as established by the EPA. Concerns – A reappraisal of all licenses sing air quality, emanations, traffic suspension, environmental impact, etc, is to take topographic point. These paperss need to be shared with the community to educate them on the permitting procedure, and increase their cognition of how the edifice of the incinerator will come on through the regulative system. This will prosecute the community stakeholders in the building procedure. I would promote that the Health Officer reappraisal and go familiar with the article â€Å" Monitoring PCDD/Fs in Soil and Herbage Samples Collected Near a Hazardous Waste Incinerator: Health Risks for the Population Living Nearby, † by Montse Mari et Al. This article chronicles the emanations of a risky waste incinerator in Spain over a six twelvemonth period, the consequences of which show â€Å" the HWI did non significantly increase PCDD/F degrees in dirts and pasturage of the environing environment. Furthermore, PCDD/F emanations from the HWI do non intend extra important hazards for the wellness of the persons populating in the locality of the installation. † ( Montse Mari, 2007 ) Waste installations that are suitably permitted and monitored show negligible impact to the community and countryside around them. These facts should relieve some of the frights of the community. Nuisance – Three countries likely to bring forth nuisance ailments will be in respects to odor, traffic and noise. As antecedently discussed, the issue of traffic suspension should hold been addressed in the zoning procedure. Safe hauling paths need to be identified that would besiege most of the common roadways used by the dwellers of ABC, thereby relieving traffic congestion issues. Odor will be a bigger job. Prior to the works being built the site will be analyzed for air current flow forms. The intent of the analysis will be to guarantee that residuary stuff left in the vapour fumes can pay out without negatively impacting the environing countryside, metropolis, or farming area ( Rogers & A ; Willis, 1992 ) . That trial does non take into history olfactory property. The bringing trucks and their lading will bring forth olfactory property. Wind does non blow in one way all the clip ; it flows and moves as influenced by rain, fog, or sunlight. The olfactory property from the works operations can non be contained and funneled in a individual way, therefore it is much more likely to be a nuisance to the community. Odor suspension is necessary to guarantee the success of the undertaking. Noise will be a concern for the life of this undertaking. Site development, building, and bringing of stuffs will all increase the noise pollution around the works. Addressing the noise pollution concerns prior to building will be indispensable ( Noise pollution, 1993 ) . Failure to program for noise concerns could endanger the effectivity of the site should regulations be enacted the restrict noise degrees to those below the sum that is emitted by the works in its normal operations. Concerns – Discussions with the community members and undertaking builders sing these nuisance issues has non taken topographic point. Opening duologue between these groups may help in relieving ailments in the hereafter.Risk Management PrinciplesThe Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management ‘s â€Å" Principles for Risk Management Decision Making † recommends the undermentioned six stairss be portion of any hazard determination procedure: â€Å" Good hazard direction determination: Addresses a clearly articulated job in its public wellness and ecological context. Elicits the positions of those affected by the determination. Is based on a careful consideration of scientific grounds that supports the decisions about the possible hazards to human wellness and the ecosystem. Is made after sing a scope of hazard direction options. Gives precedence to forestalling hazards, non merely commanding them. Are sensitive to political, societal, legal, and cultural considerations. † ( TUI University, 2010 ) It does non look from this scenario that the Health Officer, builders, or metropolis contrivers engaged any of these rules. They are holding community recoil jobs because these stairss were ignored from the beginning of the undertaking. In fact, the Health Officer, himself, is holding concerns which could hold been alleviated had this procedure been employed. Having a risky waste installation in 1s ‘ vicinity is traveling to politicise the community. If the community had concerns sing the safety of the current garbage dump, how much more will they have with a risky waste installation coming into the country? The Health Officer, every bit good as the builders, would be wise to take a page from history and non except the abodes from treatments about this proposed works. Kings County, in Central California, failed to prosecute the Hispanic population when they were suggesting a risky waste enlargement to the solid waste shit installation, and it earned them a Civil Rights case, which the county lost ( Kay, 1992 ) .DecisionThe Health Officer should step in in the permitting procedure and temporarily halt this undertaking traveling frontward. A hazard appraisal of the undertaking needs to be completed following the â€Å" Principles for Risk Management Decision Making † ( TUI University, 2010 ) . Scientific grounds profiling how d ecently permitted and regulated workss can hold negligible effects on the environment needs to be shared with the community. A thorough reappraisal of all districting Torahs and proposed traffic paths need to be studied to guarantee that the extra traffic will non impact the occupants of the community. Measures to relieve the olfactory properties from the new works demand to be exhaustively researched and shared with the stakeholders. The Health Officer and developers must link with the community stakeholders if they want this to be a successful undertaking.

Economic Levels vs. Food Choices

Overtime the ability to make healthy food choices while living in a community of low class Americans has become difficult to do. Poor communities are forced to make unhealthy decisions because they are not offered affordable, organic foods at their neighborhood markets. This causes drastic increases in obesity cases across the country and also sets boundaries between low class and high class.In order to change this, the government needs to construct more markets with broad choices of healthy meals and also offer help to low class citizens with cheaper alternatives of ood of better quality. Income If a single-parent household of six depends on a minimum wage budget, their food choices are affected. With the goal of stretching their budget in order to feed many mouths, they turn to Junk food as an alternative. Although they can buy an excessive amount of cheap food, that cheap food is often high caloric and unhealthy for young children.Many parents disregard the quality of the foods be cause they Just see it as an alimentation they can afford. In other words to many low class families food is scarce and regardless of whether is healthy or not, it keeps they from starvation. Overall, less income leads to more quantities of unhealthy foods and since high class households can afford more pricey organic foods, their food choices increase in quality. Food Availability People start to learn to like foods that are appropriate to their class while they are children. Children's habits are based are what they are taught to eat. †¦ many poor neighborhoods are, indeed, food deserts (as cited in Miller, 2010 pg. 117) and that causes these families to have Junk food and fattening meals at their reach. As opposed to wealthier communities that have many Safeways and Wholefoods vailable in their neighborhoods where they have access to healthy food. This causes obesity to rise mostly in these low income communities because they are so used to driving five minutes to a McDonald s rather than a market that is half an hour away that has foods they cannot even afford.They save themselves the time and humiliation they are put through when they see that the money they spend on a healthy meal that will last two days can be switched for unhealthier food that will fill them faster and last longer. Supermarkets have tried to build markets with organic ood but it comes obvious to investors that if they build one of their properties in a neighborhood that will not be able to buy have their products, they are in for a loss. â€Å"Without access to healthy foods, a nutritious diet and good health are out of reach.And without grocery stores and other fresh food retailers, communities are missing the commercial nubs that make neighborhoods livable, and help local economies thrive. † (The Food Trust Organization, 1992) Expensive Healthy Foods In 2010 CBSNews brought forth an update that explained to Americans the importance of eating healthier for the sake of setti ng an example for younger enerations and the Journal Health Affairs said that â€Å"†¦ if they did that, they would add hundreds more dollars to their annual grocery bill. When informed about this, many low class families dreaded the idea that they would have to do the impossible Just to provide their family with healthier meals. Two children attending the same public school, for example, would differ in the kinds of foods they would be eating for lunch since the child coming from a high class family can afford healthier foods and is used to eating those foods. Some children are exposed to different varieties of meals rowing up and those children mostly grow up in small high class families that have no problem spending more on higher quality meals.Low Class vs. High Class This separation between low class and high class has become more obvious as a decrease in income around the world has come forth. Healthy foods have become a luxury only wealthy families can afford to enjoy.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Impact of Social Networking Sites on the Youth of India

IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES(SNS) ON THE YOUTH OF INDIA : A BIRD’S EYE VIEW. Ruchi Sachdev College of Management Studies Kanpur (UP) India Abstract-This paper is focused to find out the answer whether the social networking sites are boon or bane for today’s society. No doubt these SNS provides employment ,marketing ,personal growth ,sharing of information but the most prevalent danger through often involves online predators or individuals. These SNS has great impact on youth of India. One can easily see the entry gate of these social networking sites but it is unable to find exit for these SNS.One side these sites provide to communicate with our dear ones on the other side it creates platform for many cyber crimes. Everyone should be understood that The SNS is a â€Å"child of† computing â€Å"by computing† but† for the society â€Å". So we focused on the fact that how SNS are implementing and used in an effective manner that is also beneficia l for Indian society and what are the role of Indian youth . In this paper we focused on the positive as well as negative impact of these social networking sites on the Indian youth and what are the ethical responsibilities of the users of these sites.Keywords-IEEE standards ,internet,WI-FI, elecommunication, , online ownership, online credibility. SNS(Social networking sites) are connected, both in their leisure time, and at work. There are various factors which have prompted us to consider the implications of these technologies for policy-making. One of these is the willingness of users to embrace SNS as a means of communication and social networking in everyday life. The increasing dependence on technology for basic communication also highlights the importance of analyzing how SNS are affecting daily processes.Sites like Face book, Friend ster and LinkedIn are influencing the way users establish, maintain and cultivate a range of social relationships, from close friendships to ca sual acquaintances. II CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES The basic characteristics of social networking sites can be explained with the help of following table-1 FEATURES Presentation of oneself DESCRIPTION The basic level of entry in most SNS is the setting up of a ‘profile': a personalized page developed by the user in which he/she presents him/herself to peers, through text, photos music and videos amongst others Functionalities.SNS allow users to mobilize and organize their social contacts and profiles in the way they want other members to see them. I INTRODUCTTON Social networking phenomenon has emerged over the past ten years. In that time, social networking sites (SNS) have grown from a niche to a mass online activity, in which tens of millions of internet users are engaged, both in their leisure time, and at work. However, there has been very little research on the socio-economic impact of these sites in the Indian context. In this paper we focused on the impa ct of these social networking sites on the youth of India in both positive as well as negative phase.Social networking is a phenomenon which has existed since society began. Human beings have always sought to live in social environments. The proliferation of social networking sites (SNS) and their pervasion in everyday practices is affecting how modern Indian youth societies manage their social networks. To a significant extent, SNS have shifted social networking to the Internet. In less than five years, these sites have grown from a niche online activity into a phenomenon through which tens of millions of internet users Externalization of dataThe externalization of networks is possibly one of the first times online users have been able to view their own online social networks, and share them with friends and the general public. Some SNS also support applications which allow users to describe the relation between themselves and other members. Though notions of virtual communities ha ve existed since the beginning of online applications, SNS support new ways for people to connect between themselves. Users of these sites may choose to communicate through various digital objects, such as tags and in-built applications within the SNS, such as the ‘visual shelf' application in Facebook.Users may join a community of book readers, connecting through books they have liked [4]. New ways for community formation Bottom-up activities SNS provide the ideal platforms through which users with similar values and interests can come together to collaborate effectively and cheaply. For instance, doctors can share and double check rare medical cases on health SNS such as Within3, or activists can organize a protest through sites like Care2 [5]. A major attribute of SNS' popularity is their simplicity.Anyone with basic internet skills can create and manage an online SNS presence. Prior to SNS, users gained an online presence by having a personal homepage [6]. The drawbacks we re that these homepages are not easy to create and development and hosting of the site often incur costs. In contrast, SNS are free of charge and open for anyone to join. Most of them require registration, while others limit membership through an invitation from members who are already members of the site. SNS support new points of entry to the internet: people's personal worlds.Until recently, people spoke of the internet in metaphors of places (cities, addresses, and homepages). Ease of use Figure 1: Graph 1[2] (a) Negative Impact of SNS on Youth of India Reorganization of Internet geography Table 1[5]: Taking all these characteristics together, we can observe significant changes in how users network and operate their social contacts according to different social environments. In particular, SNS seem to be influencing and shaping the way we communicate between ourselves and how we manage our social contacts.In considering the disadvantages, respondents identified a number of negat ive aspects of online social networking including: (i) the time-consuming nature of online social networking sites, Indian youth admitting that they waste a lot of time on these sites. (ii) Concern about access to personal information by others, with almost half of the youth worried that â€Å"non friends? may see their personal information. (iii) Concern that information posted may be used against them. The waste timing percentage of Indian youth on SNS can be explained with the graph shown it figure 2. IIISOCIAL IMPACT OF SNS ON INDIAN YOUTH There has been significant interest and concern about the risks of online social networking because of access to personal information and the anonymity that the system allows. A number of public cases of bullying and identity theft have put this issue in the public arena. In the survey participants were asked whether they have ever had a bad social networking experience. A considerable number of respondents in a survey (28%) reported having h ad a negative online experience with adults aged below 30 the most likely to export this (60%).These participants were asked to provide further information about the negative experience. For most respondents the experience reflected unwanted contact or people posting in appropriate or upsetting information online. Some respondents specified having online bullying and provided examples such as abusive messages and harassment from someone of the opposite sex. The number of users using SNS according to age group can be explained with the help of the graph shown it figure 1. Figure 2: Graph 2[3] b) Other Negative Impacts Of Sns The negative effects of a new technology are never fully visible in the initial stages due the hype and excitement involved. However with time we observe the more time we spend online the more connected we get hence the urge to not miss out on anything this induces an invisible layer of stress and pressure on the individuals. The very fabric of our societies is n ow beginning to take a new shape. scientist has warned. Sites such as Face book, Twitter and Bebo are said to shorten attention spans, encourage instant gratification and make young people more self-centered. i) My fear is that these technologies are infantilizing the brain into the state of small children who are attracted by buzzing noises and bright lights, which have a small attention Span and who live for the moment. (ii) A 2010 Case Western Reserve School of Medicine study showed hyper-networking (more than three hours on social networks per day) and hyper texting (more than 120 text messages per day) correlated with unhealthy behaviors in teens, including drinking, smoking and sexual activity.Hyper-networking was also associated with depression, substance abuse, poor sleep patterns, suicide and poor academic performance [4]. (iii) While the above studies show actual correlations between social networking and negative consequences, others argue that many other negative consequ ences may exist that have not yet been studied. Some of the harmful effects people suggest social networking has that have not yet yielded conclusive study results include: can also be positives. I guess there are no hard and fast rules when it comes to the effect social networks are having on us all in this day and age.It has never been easier to make friends than it is right now, mainly thanks to social networking sites. Just a few decades ago it was pretty tough to connect with people, unless you were the overly outgoing type able to make conversation with anyone at a party. The rise of mobile phones helped change this, connecting people in a new way, but then social networks sprang up and the whole idea of friendship changed once more and forever. It’s entirely possible to have hundreds of friends on Face book.They may not be friends you know on a personal level and spend time with in the real world on a weekly basis. But they’re friends nevertheless [7]. There are several people I consider friends who I have never met – indeed, I may never meet them – but that doesn’t lessen the connection we have thanks to social networks. Other major positive impacts are given as(d) Speedy Communication: Our time is being stretched thinner and thinner by work and family commitments, but social networking sites offer a chance to communicate in a speedy and efficient manner.Writing an update (i) Social networking websites are causing alarming changes in the brains of young users, an eminent (ii) Encouraging poor grammar, usage, and spelling Allowing the spread of misinformation that may be perceived as fact even in light of evidence to the contrary. †¢ Exposing children to online predators †¢ Creating a culture in which a single mistake such as a racy picture or poorly thought-out comment can cause irreparable harm to your reputation †¢ Decreasing productivity as workers habitually check social networking sites while they should be working. Providing information that increases the risk of identity theft. (c) Positive Impact of Social Networking Sites Social networking isn’t for everyone, but it’s now such a massive part of all our lives, whether we embrace or reject the notion, that it can no longer be ignored. But are social networking sites such as Face book, Twitter, and Google+ a force for good or evil? As with most questions there are multiple angles to approach this quandary from.Having already looked at the negative impact of social networking sites on society, I thought it only fair to redress the balance. Every ying has its yang, after all. Using the previous article as a loose template it’s clear to see that what some people would conceive as negatives for Twitter takes all of 20 seconds and with cross-posting over other social networks switched on, that update reaches everyone you want it to reach (and probably more besides) in an instant[5] . Social networking sites a llow you to live a life unhindered by small talk. e) In Touch with the world: It isn’t just your inner circle of close friends and even closer family members that social networking sites allow you to communicate with easily and effectively, either. They open the world up to you, making it a smaller place than it has ever been before. So much so that I actually haven’t a clue where many of my contacts reside. When it comes to social networks everyone is equal, regardless of location. Family living abroad can be kept abreast of the latest happenings in your world as quickly as those living next door.Friends who you haven’t seen since school, and who have since moved away, are able to keep in touch. Location-based services such as Foursquare and Gowalla emphasize your location but social networking as a whole means it has become a lot less important. Social networking sites have made the world a smaller place. (f) Building Relationships: There is no doubting that s ocial networking sites can lead to the breaking up of relationships. But there is another side to the tale, which is that people are moving onto other, perhaps better, relationships at the same time.Social networks can put you (back) in touch with those you have lots in common with, and that common ground is often the starting point for longlasting relationships. (f) Promises of Ownership and Authorship Online. (g) Maintain Credibility. So the youth of Indian can play an important role to reduce the negative impact of social networking sites sucha that it can be used in the beneficial way. V CONCLUSION IV ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY OF YOUTH USING SNS The new digital social networking media are a frontier that is rich with opportunities and risks, particularly for young people.Through SNS technologies, young people are participating in a range of activities, including social networking, blogging, vlogging, gaming, instant messaging, downloading music and other content, uploading and shar ing their own creations, and collaborating with others in various ways. Five key issues are at stake in the new social networking media identity, privacy, ownership and authorship, credibility, and participation [8]. These issues decide the social and ethical responsibilities of the youth that using the services of social networking sites. a) Every person that using the SNS should be aware about their rights and moral responsibilities. (b) We should respect the authentication and privacy of those members that are using SNS. (c ) We should follow the ethics of online identity. (d) Create culture of disclosure. (e) Online, a number of strategies—including privacy settings, selective disclosure, code switching, and deception are used by youth to control the presentation of their identities and thereby manage their privacy. Most social networking sites have privacy settings that allow users o limit access to their profiles to a narrow audience of confirmed friends, and evidence s uggests that many young people use them. (e) The online culture of disclosure holds important promises for young people, including empowerment of themselves and others, the creation of communities of support around shared struggles, and the development of a broad ethical sense of responsibility with respect to privacy. No doubt that SNS has great impact on the Indian youth it has lot of challenges which we have to face .There are many questions arise when we think about the impact of these SNS that What does it mean to manage online privacy in an ethical manner? How do online spaces facilitate and undermine ethical thinking about privacy? How much personal information is reasonable to share online? Young people who share personal experiences online taking steps to protect their own and others’ identities, and are these steps sufficient? Is it reasonable for young people to expect a certain measure of privacy when it comes to their online lives?Who is at fault when an unintend ed audience can read a young person’s revealing blog or MySpace page? So we should focus on the ethical use of these SNS so that it serves our society in a right way and the youth can play an important role because SNS is a boob and curse both for the Indian society . In one hand it provides away to connect our dear ones on the other side it gives a platform that become danger for Indian heritage and culture. REFERENCES [1] Introduction to SNS technology, Retrieved on September 24, 2006 From www. wi-fitechnology. om [2] Consumer Reports (2010). Social insecurity: What millions of online users don't know can hurt them. Retrieved from http://www. consumerreports. org/cro/magazinearchive/2010/june/elec tronics-computers/social-insecurity/overview/index. htm [3] Nie, N. H. & Hillygus, D. S. (2002). The impact of internet use on sociability: Time-diary findings. IT & Society, 1, 1 – 20. [4] IEEE 802. 16 and WiMAX: Social networking sites Access for Everyone, Intel Corporati on, 2003. http://www. intel. com/ebusiness/pdf/SNS/intel/80216_wimax. df [5] The Role of Technology in Telecom Expansion in India†, IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp 88-94, November, 1998. [6] Bender off, E. 2007. â€Å"Cheating a Real Problem in youth’s Virtual World. † Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from http://www. chicagotribun e. com/business/chi-0703080167mar08,0, 4256114story? cull=chi-bizfont-hed. [7] Of com. (2008). Social networking: A quantitative and qualitative research report into attitudes, behaviors and use. Retrieved from http://stakeholders. ofcom. org. uk/binaries/research/medialiteracy/report1. pdf